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Homepage / Publication / Ukraine’s geo-economic positioning in the modern world

Ukraine’s geo-economic positioning in the modern world

Borzenko, O.O. (Ed.). (2025). Ukraine’s geo-economic positioning in the modern world. National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, State Organization "Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine". Kyiv [in Ukrainian]

The authors: Olena Borzenko, Oleksandr Sharov, Oleksiy Plotnikov, Igor Piliaiev, Tamara Panfilova, Yevhenii Redziuk, Anna Hlazova 

Year of publication: 2025

Pages: 253

ISBN 978-617-14-0465-6 (electronic edition)

Language: Ukrainian

Publisher: State Organization "Institute for Economics and Forecasting of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine"

Place: Kyiv

DOI https://doi.org/10.15407/978-617-14-0465-6

This monograph is devoted to the scientific justification of Ukraine’s geo-economic positioning in the modern world. The paradigm of the geo-economic system of the modern world is shaping a new model of national economic development, where the nature of global relations is the basic determinant of economic dynamics. It has been proven that geo-economic positioning is a key trend in contemporary global development, which obliges Ukraine, in the context of war and post-war recovery, to implement a coordinated policy aimed at strengthening its authority in the financial, political, and economic spheres. Given asymmetric regional dependence, a country with a relatively strong position is capable of forming integration vectors in regional associations, which strengthens its geo-economic influence. In this context, the ability of countries to adapt to the contradictions of global development and to the conflict of interests between key economic actors (countries, transnational corporations, and international organizations) is of particular importance.

The monograph will be useful for specialists in the field of international economics, macroeconomic, financial, and institutional development, public administration, as well as teachers and students of higher education in economic specialties.

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CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER 3

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  12. Plotnikov, O. (2022). Post-War Reconstruction of Ukraine in the Context of Fragmentation of the World Economy. Economy of Ukraine, 65(12(733), 3–12 [in Ukrainian]. 
  13. Plotnikov, O. (2023). The General Situation with Climate Change in the World and Risk Assessment for the Global Economy. In T.C. Devezas et al. (Eds.), Global Challenges of Climate Change (vol. 2: Risk Assessment, Political and Social Dimension of the Green Energy Transition, p. 31–47). Cham, Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16477-4_3; https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/ 978-3-031-16477-4_3 
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  15. Plotnikov, O. (2024). National Interests of Ukraine under Fragmentation of the World Economy. Economy of Ukraine, 5(750), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2024.05.057 [in Ukrainian].
  16. Rigaud, K.K., de Sherbinin, A., Jones, B. et al. (2018). Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. Washington D.C., World Bank. https://openk-nowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29461
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  18. Slowbalisation: The future of global commerce. (2019, Jan. 24). The Economist. https://www.economist.com/weeklyedition/2019-01-26 
  19. The surprising resilience of the Russian economy. (2024, February 3).  Financial Times. URL: www.ft.com/content/d304a182-997d-4dae-98a1-aa7c691526db?desktop=true&segmentId=7c8f09b9-9b61-4fbb-9430-9208a9e233c8#myft:notification:daily-email:content
  20. URC2022. (2022, July 4–5,). Outcome Document of the Ukraine Recovery Conference URC2022 "Lugano Declaration". Lugano. https://www.urc2022.com/conference-materials. 
  21. Washington puts forward G7 plan to confiscate $300bn in Russian assets. (2023, December 28). Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/d206baa8-3ec9-42f0-b103-2c098d0486d9 
  22. Wei, L., Yifan, Xie S. (2023, August 21). China’s 40-Year Boom Is Over, Raising Fears of Extended Slump. Economic model that took country from poverty to great-power status is broken. The Wall Street Journal. https://Xw4nrBOW00gIcJnYDvyF-WSJNewsPaper-8-21-2023.pdf
  23. Zahra, T. (2023). Against the World: Anti-Globalism and Mass Politics Between the World Wars. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. https://www.amazon.com/Against-World-Anti-Globalism-Politics-Between/dp/1324075201/ref=monarch_sidesheet

CHAPTER 4

  1. Asian Development Bank. The G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/reg-54036-001-tar-ld-02.pdf
  2. Asian Development Bank. (2017, February 28). How Much Should Asia Spend on Infrastructure? https://www.adb.org/news/features/how-much-should-asia-spend-infrastructure
  3. Asian Development Bank. (2025). Pakistan: Karachi Bus Rapid Transit Red Line Project. https://www.adb.org/projects/47279-002/main
  4. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2015). Articles of Agreement. URL: https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/basic-documents/_download/articles-of-agreement/basic_document_english-bank_articles_of_agreement.pdf
  5. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2024). AIIB Annual Report and Financials 2023. https://www.aiib.org/en/news-events/annual-report/2023/index.html
  6. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2025, January 9). Bangalore Metro Rail Project. Project Summary Information. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/details/2025/_download/India/AIIB-PSI-P000038-India-Bangalore-Metro-Rail-Project-Line-R6-Jan.-09-2025.pdf
  7. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2025, March 23). Members and Prospective Members of the Bank. https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
  8. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. (2025). Pakistan: Karachi Bus Rapid Transit Red Line Project. https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/details/2019/approved/Pakistan-Karachi-Bus-Rapid-Transit.html
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  10. Bortnik, R. (2024). Political Evolution of the Washington and Beijing Consensus: Models of Globalization. Ukrainian Policymaker, (14), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.29202/up/14/1 [in Ukrainian].
  11. Borzenko, O., Piliaiev, I. (2022). The Impact of Values on National Reconstruction: Is the Case of South Korea Appropriate for Ukraine? Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Economy series, 4(108), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31489/2022ec4/26-33
  12. Chin, G.T., Dobson, H. (2016). China’s presidency of the G20 Hangzhou: on global leadership and strategy. Global Summitry, 1(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1093/global/guw002
  13. Chin, G.T., Zhu, J. (2022). Infrastructure at the G20. In D. Lesage and J. Wouters (Eds.), The G20, Development and the UN Agenda 2030 (p. 156–175). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315608822-11
  14. Dagher, S., Hatem, M. (2024, March 21). Yemen’s Houthis Tell China, Russia Their Ships Won’t Be Targeted. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-21/china-russia-reach-agreement-with-yemen-s-houthis-on-red-sea-ships
  15. Debaere, P. (2015). The EU’s Role and Performance within the G20 in the Area of Finance and Development. In J.A. Koops, G. Macaj (Eds.). The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor (p. 120–137). London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356857_8
  16. Debaere, P., Delputte, S., Orbie, J. (2022). How close is the European consensus to the Seoul consensus? Evolving EU development policy discourse. In D. Lesage, J. Wouters (Eds.). The G20, development and the UN agenda 2030 (p. 100–116). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315608822-7
  17. Dobson, H. (2024). Unpacking the G20: insights from the Summit. Political Science and Public Policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786433558
  18. Dreher, A., Fuchs, A., Parks, B.C., Strange, A., Tierney, M.J. (2022). Banking on Beijing: The Aims and Impacts of China’s Overseas Development Program. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108564496
  19. European Commission. (2017, June 7). The new European consensus on development: Our world, our dignity, our future. Joint Statement by the Council and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States within the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A42017Y0630%2801%29 
  20. European Commission. (2022, March 8). European Consensus on Development – "our world, our dignity, our future". https://international-partnerships.ec.europa.eu/policies/european-development-policy/european-consensus-development_en 
  21. European Commission. (2025, January 17). Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en
  22. European Investment Bank. (2017, October 6). India: Record EIB loan - EUR 500m for Bangalore Metro. https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2017-265-record-eib-loan-in-india-eur-500m-for-bangalore-metro 
  23. European Investment Bank. (2025). Bangalore metro rail project - Line R6. https://www.eib.org/en/projects/loans/all/20160816
  24. Gallagher, A., Hamasaeed, S., Nada, G. (2023, March 16). What You Need to Know About China’s Saudi-Iran Deal. The United States Institute of Peace. https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/what-you-need-know-about-chinas-saudi-iran-deal
  25. Gao, W., Wouters, J. (2022). The G20’s contribution to sustainable development: a perspective from China. In D. Lesage, J. Wouters (Eds.). The G20, Development and the UN Agenda 2030 (p. 68–82). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315608822
  26. Goldman, D. (May 12, 2025). Dow settosoar 1,000 points after Trump team and China dramatically lower tariffs. CNN Business. https://edition.cnn.com/2025/05/12/investing/us-stock-market
  27. Hacker J.S., Hertel-Fernandez, A., Pierson P., Thelen, K. (2021). The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
  28. Heyets, V.M. (2020). The phenomenon of instability as a challenge to economic development. Kyiv: Akademperiodika. https://doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.403.456 [in Ukrainian].
  29. International Development Cooperation. (2025, February 12). The Group of 77 and China. Statement at the Third Session of the Preparatory Committee for the Fourth International Conference on Financing for Development during its Consideration of the Draft Outcome Document of the Conference: International Development Cooperation. New York. https://www.g77.org/statement/getstatement.php?id=250212
  30. International Monetary Fund. (2024, January 10). IMF Executive Board Approves US $1.2 Billion Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility for Jordan. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2024/01/10/pr24004-jordan-imf-exec-board-approves-us1b-extended-arrangement-under-eff
  31. Kolodko, G.W. (2011). Truth, Errors and Lies: Politics and Economics in a Volatile World. New York-London: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/kolo15068
  32. Leininger, J. (2017). "On the table or at the table?" G20 and its cooperation with Africa. Global Summitry, 3(2), 193–205. https://doi.org/10.1093/global/guy010
  33. Lin, J.Y. (2012). New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Development and Policy. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8955-3 
  34. Naughton, B. (2010). China’s Distinctive System: Can it be a Model for Others? Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65). 437–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670561003666079
  35. Nedopil, C. (2025). Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative. Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University. https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/
  36. Parks, B.C., Malik, A.A., Escobar, B., Zhang, Sh., Fedorochko, R., Solomon, K., Wang, F., Vlasto, L., Walsh, K., Goodman S. (2023, November). Belt and Road Reboot: Beijing Bid to De-Risk its Global Infrastructure Initiative. AidData. URL: https://docs.aiddata.org/reports/belt-and-road-reboot/Belt_and_Road_Reboot_Full_Report.pdf
  37. Piliaiev, I. (2024). Contemporary economic diplomacy of the PRC in relations with developing countries (the Horn of Africa CASE). Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. International Relations, 58(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2024/1-58/18-27 [in Ukrainian].
  38. Pustovoit, O. (2023). Global Multipolarity: New Opportunities and Threats for the Development of Ukrainian Exports. Economy of Ukraine, 66(12(745), 68–91. https://doi.org/10.15407/econo myukr.2023.12.068 [in Ukrainian].
  39. Red Sea disruption. A White Paper Report. ( 2024, January 30). Kpler. https://www.kpler.com/red-sea-whitepaper-download
  40. Seoul Summit 2010. (2010, November 16). Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth. http://media.seoulsummit.kr/contents/dlobo/E3._ANNEX1.pdf
  41. Synhaievska, D. (June 27, 2025). Geopolitics of Grain: Ukraine’s Role in Global Food Security and the Costs of War. Ukraine World. https://ukraineworld.org/en/articles/basics/geopolitics-grain-ukraines-role [in Ukrainian].
  42. UNIDO. (2013, December 2). Lima Declaration: Towards inclusive and sustainable industrial development. https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/files/2018-12/UNIDO_GC15_Lima_Declaration.pdf?_token=1763052367 
  43. UNIDO. (2021). MVA manufacturing value added database. http://stat.unido.org 
  44. United Nations General Assembly. (1970, October 24). International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade. Resolution 2626 (XXV). http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1970/7.pdf
  45. Velasco, M.C.S., Beck, Th., Schlosser, P. (2022). The impact of the Ukraine crisis in the EU economic and financial union. Policy Brief 2022/43. https://doi.org/10.2870/541211
  46. Zhang, K. (2023, May). Can the Belt and Road Initiative Promote the Industrialization of Developing Countries? Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, 15(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749101231167447

CHAPTER 5

  1. Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J.A. (2016). Why Nations Fail. Кyiv: Our format [in Ukrainian].
  2. Charles, W.L. (2022). Hill International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. McGraw-Hill Education.
  3. Heyets, V.M. (2014). Institutional conditionality of innovative processes in Ukraine's industrial development. Economy of Ukraine, (12), 4–19. http://jnas.nbuv.gov.ua/article/UJRN-0000295802 [іn Ukrainian].
  4. Heyets, V. (2016). A Ukraine's Economy: Key Problems and Prospects. Ekon. prognozuvannâ, (1), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.15407/eip2016.01.007 [in Ukrainian].
  5. Heyets, V., Blyzniuk, V., Nykyforuk, O. (2022). The Recovery of Ukraine: Social Quality in the Postwar Societal Space. The International Journal of Social Quality, 12(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3167/IJSQ.2022.120102
  6. Kachur, A.V., Mogilko, D.M. (2018). TNC and their Role in Modern International Economic Relations. Economy and society, (19), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2018-19-9 [in Ukrainian].
  7. Kyiv School of Economics. (2024, April). Report on damages to infrastructure from the destruction caused by Russia's military aggression against Ukraine as of January 2024. https://kse.ua/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Eng_01.01.24_Damages_Report.pdf [in Ukrainian].
  8. Lunarna, S. (2025, 05 March). Transnational corporations: impact on the economy and the global market. CeFakt. https://cefakt.com.ua/transnaczionalni-korporacziyi/?utm_source=chatgpt.com [in Ukrainian].
  9. MSCI. (2025, March 31). MSCI World Index Fact Sheet 2024. https://www.msci.com/www/fact-sheet/msci-world-index/05830501
  10. OECD. (2023). SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2023. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/342b8564-en
  11. O’Hara, M. (1998). Market Microstructure Theory. 1-st edition. Wiley.
  12. Redziuk, Ye. (2021). Mechanisms of Effective State Incentives and Priorities for Investing in the Economy of Ukraine. Economy of Ukraine, 64(8 (717), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.08.068 [in Ukrainian].
  13. Redziuk, Y. (2022). State, Problems and Factors Inhibiting the Development of Business Activity in Ukraine. Strategy of Economic Development of Ukraine, (51), 35–49.  https://doi.org/10.33111/sedu.2022.51.035.049 [in Ukrainian].
  14. Redziuk, Y.V. (2023). Formation of Competitive Clusters in Ukraine in the Context of Global Challenges. Strategy of economic development of Ukraine, (53). 63–77. https://doi.org/10.33111/sedu.2023.53.063.077 [in Ukrainian].
  15. Redziuk, Y. (2024). Mechanisms of external financing of the Ukrainian economy during war and approaches to their optimization. Economy of Ukraine, 67(12(757), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2024.12.051
  16. Shklyar, V. (2019). Current Status and Consequences of Multinational Corporations Activities in Globalization of the World Economy. Economics and Management: Collection of scientific works, (45), 125–134. https://em.duit.in.ua/index.php/home/article/view/118 [in Ukrainian].
  17. Sidenko, V. (Project Manager) et al (2017). Structural Transformations in the World Economy: Challenges for Ukraine. Analytical Report. Razumkov Center. Kyiv: Zapovit. https://razumkov.org.ua/uploads/article/2017_svit_ecovom_Annotation.pdf [in Ukrainian].
  18. Ukrainian Centre for European Policy. (2023). Ukraine’s Integration into the EU Internal Market in Wartime: Challenges and Opportunities. Kyiv. https://www.kas.de/documents/270026/22934445/ENG+2023+UCEP+Ukraine%27s+integration+into+the+EU+internal+market+in+the+condition+of+war+challenges+and+opportunities+.pdf/5af16e4f-623c-d48e-ab4b-90d160eb90ac?version=1.0&t=1689611969092 [in Ukrainian].
  19. UNCTAD. (2005, December). Transnational Corporations. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 14(3). https://unctad.org/publication/transnational-corporations-vol-14-no-3
  20. UNCTAD. (2022). World Investment Report 2022: International Tax Reforms and Sustainable Investment. Geneva.
  21. UNCTAD. (2025, January 30). Foreign investment in developing economies fell 2% in 2024, marking second year of decline. https://unctad.org/news/foreign-investment-developing-economies-fell-2-2024-marking-second-year-decline
  22. World Bank. (2023, December, 31). Third Ukraine Rapid Damage Assessment (RDNA3): February 2022 - December 2023. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099022224203521608
  23. Zvarych, R. (2020). Local Conflicts in the Global Economy. World of Finance, 2(63), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.35774/sf2020.02.088 [in Ukrainian].

CHAPTER 6

  1. A New Industrial Strategy for Europe. (2020). Communication from the Commission COM (2020) 102 final. Brussels, 10.3.2020; Updating the 2020 New Industrial Strategy: Building a stronger Single Market for Europe’s recovery. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels, 5.5.2021 COM(2021) 350 final. 
  2. Borzenko, O., Panfilova, T. (2023). Escalating crisis the governance of the global trading system. Bulletin of the Karaganda university. Economy series, 4(112), 75–83. https://doi.org/10.31489/2023ec4/75-83 
  3. Borzenko, O., Lambekova, A., Myrzhykbayeva, A., Panfilova, T. (2024). Reforming international financial organizations in the context of the influsion to socio-economic development of Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Economic theory, (1), 93–119. https://doi.org/10.15407/etet2024.01.093 [in Ukrainian].
  4. Bown, C.P. (2023, December). Modern industrial policy and the WTO. Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper, (23-15). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4816776 
  5. Capri, A. (2020, December). Techno-nationalism and corporate governance. Hinrich Foundation Report. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119766193 
  6. Capri, A. (2021, June). Techno-nationalism via semiconductors: Can chip manufacturing return to America? Hinrich Foundation Report.  https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/wp/tech/technonationalism-via-semiconductors-chip-manufacturing-return-to-america.  
  7. Capri, A. (2022, August). CHIPS on the table: US doubles down on techno-nationalism. https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/article/tech/chips-us-techno-nationalism/
  8. Capri, A. (2023). Techno-nationalism and its impact on geopolitics and trade. https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/article/tech/techno-nationalism-impact-on-geopolitics-and-trade/.
  9. Capri, A. (2023, August). AI arms race shakes tech, trade, and truth.  Hinrich Foundation Report. https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/wp/tech/ai-arms-race-shakes-tech-trade-and-truth
  10. Cherif, R., Hasanov, F. (2024, April). The Pitfalls of Protectionism: Import Substitution vs. Export-Oriented Industrial Policy. IMF Working Paper WP/24/86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-024-00414-9 
  11. Chernetska, T. (2024). Attraction of Investments on the Basis of Public-Private Partnership in the Conditions of Post-War Development of the National Economy: Prerequisites and Tools. Economic space, (190), 294–299.  https://doi.org/10.32782/2224-6282/190-53 [in Ukrainian].
  12. Dergach, A. (2024). Public-Private Partnership as a Tool for Attracting Investments for the Restoration and Development of Infrastructure Facilities of Territorial Communities. Public administration: improvement and development, (4). http://doi.org/10.32702/2307-2156.2024.4.13 [in Ukrainian].
  13. Fraser Institute. (2024). Economic Freedom of the World. Annual Report. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2024-annual-report
  14. Georgieva, K. (2022, October 6). Navigating A More Fragile World. IMF. Georgetown University. Washington, D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/10/06/sp-2022-annual-meetings-curtain-raiser
  15. EBRD. (2024). Transition Report 2024-25. Navigating industrial policy. 
  16. European Commission. (2020, March). Making Europe’s businesses future-ready: A new Industrial Strategy for a globally competitive, green and digital Europe. Press Release 10. Brussels. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_416
  17. European Commission. (2020, March 10). An SME Strategy for a sustainable and digital Europe. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Brussels. COM(2020) 103 final.
  18. IMF. (2022). Сrisis upon Сrisis. Annual Report. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2022/downloads/imf-annual-report-2022-english.pdf
  19. International Energy Agency. (2023). Gas Market Report, Q1-2023 including Gas Market Highlights 2022. https://www.iea.org/reports/gas-market-report-q1-2023
  20. KOF Swiss Economic Institute. (2024). KOF Globalisation Index 2024. https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
  21. Liubchych, A. (2020). Stimulation of Innovation in the Public Sector: Foreign Experience. Law and Innovation, 1(29), 22–27. http://doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-3 [in Ukrainian].
  22. Millot, V., Rawdanowicz, Ł. (2024). The return of industrial policies: Policy considerations in the current context. OECD Economic Policy Papers, (34). Paris: OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-return-of-industrial-policies_051ce36d-en
  23. Nechiporuk, K., Rusyn, V. (2022). Modern Models of Innovation Policy of the Countries of the World. Scientific Bulletin of Uzhhorod National University. Series: International Economic Relations and World Economy, (45), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.32782/2413-9971/2022-45-9 [in Ukrainian].
  24. OECD. (2022). Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine continues to create serious headwinds for global economy. OECD says. https://www.oecd.org/fr/presse/la-guerre-d-agression-de-la-russie-contre-l-ukraine-continue-de-creer-de-serieux-vents-contraires-pour-l-economie-mondiale.htm
  25. Petrova, I. Implementation of Investment Projects Based on the Principles of Partnership Between Government, Business and Society in Ukraine: Modern Trends and Development Forecasting. Economic Herald of the Donbas, 1–2(75–76), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2024-1-2(75-76)-178-189 [in Ukrainian].
  26. Ruta M. (Ed.). (2022). The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Global Trade and Investment. World Bank Group. 
  27. The Heritage Foundation. (2022). Index of Economic Freedom. https://www.heritage.org/trade/report/2022-index-economic-freedom-economic-freedom-declining-worldwide 
  28. UNCTAD. (2020). Technology аnd Innovation Report 2021. Catching technological waves. Innovation with equity. UNCTAD/TIR/2020 (Overview). https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tir2020overview_en.pdf
  29. UNCTAD. (2022, March 24). UN Sees Worsening Prospects for Global Growth in 2022 Due to Ukraine War and Monetary Tightening. UNCTAD/PRESS/PR/2022/003/Corr.1. https://unctad.org/press-material/un-sees-worsening-prospects-global-growth-2022-due-ukraine-war-and-monetary
  30. United Nations. (2024). World Economic Situation and Prospects 2024. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP_2024_Web.pdf
  31. United Nations. (2024). Human Development Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: Reimagining cooperation in a polarized world. United Nations Development Programme. New York. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf
  32. World Economic Forum. (2023, January). Global Risks Report 2023. Cologny/Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2023/
  33. World Economic Forum. (2025, January). The Global Risks Report 2025. Cologny/Geneva, Switzerlandю https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2025/
  34. World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). World Intellectual Property Report: Making Innovation Policy Work for Development. Geneva. https://doi.org/10.34667/tind.49284  
  35. World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2024-en-global-innovation-index-2024-17th-edition.pdf
  36. WTO. (2023  February 28). A Year of Turbulence on Food and Fertilizers Markets. Trade Monitoring Updates  https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news23_e/trdev_02mar23_e.pdf

CHAPTER 7

  1. Atlantic Council. (2024). Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker.   https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/cbdctracker
  2. Bank for International Settlements. (2022, July). Options for Access to and Interoperability of CBDCs for Cross-Border Payments. Report to the G20. BIS Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures. https://www.bis.org/publ/othp52.pdf
  3. Friedman, M. (1956). The quantity theory of money – a restatement. In M. Friedman (Ed.), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  4. Goldman Sachs. (2023, Apr 5). Generative AI could raise global GDP by 7%. https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent
  5. International Monetary Fund. (2023). Implications of Central Bank Digital Currencies for Monetary Policy Transmission. Washington. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400252792.063 
  6. O’Grady, M., Kearney, M. (2024, May 1). Global IT Service Spend Will Reach $2 Trillion by 2028. Forrester Research. URL: https://www.forrester.com/blogs/global-it-service-spend-will-reach-2-trillion-by-2028/
  7. Stanford HAI. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2023. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2023-ai-index-report
  8. UNCTAD. (2023). Digital Economy Report 2023: Cross-border data flows and development. https://unctad.org/webflyer/digital-economy-report-2023
  9. World Bank. (2023). Digital Progress and Trends Report 2023. Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-2049-6
  10. World Bank. (2024). Digital Economy for Ukraine: Accelerating Digital Transformation for Growth. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ukraine/publication/digital-economy
  11. World Economic Forum. (2022). Digital Currencies and the Future of Capital Markets. Geneva. https://www.weforum.org/reports/digital-currencies-and-the-future-of-capital-markets
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